A Special Message From Our Partners at the U.S. National Arboretum

I’m very pleased to be able to tell you that Andy Bello will begin his permanent position as Assistant Curator of the National Bonsai & Penjing Museum on June 21, 2020.  Andy finished his internship as our most recent First Curator Apprentice in March. Since that time, he has served as a temporary technician and will continue to do so until June 21.

Andy has a deep commitment and true passion for bonsai and penjing. He is very engaging and is always ready and willing to share that passion with visitors and volunteers alike. We are very fortunate to have him in this permanent position. Andy hails from Illinois and has spent time in Arizona and Oregon. He’s worked with koi in a previous job, so he knows his fish, too.

Because the bonsai and penjing require daily care, Andy will work a Sunday through Thursday schedule, but this schedule has been somewhat disrupted by the current coronavirus situation. He and Michael have been working overtime to tend the plants with help from Pat Lynch and Brad Evans to make up for all the lost volunteer help while that program is on a pause for safety reasons.

Please join me in congratulating Andy on his new appointment. He is a great asset to our bonsai team.

Scott Aker

Head of Horticulture and Education

U.S. National Arboretum

Thank You Essential Workers!

Dear Community,

In these unprecedented times, the National Bonsai & Penjing Museum and U.S. National Arboretum are unfortunately closed to the public. We wish we could be sharing our blooming trees, luscious greenery and bonsai history with you all right now! 

Luckily, a handful of Museum employees are still hard at work – safely distanced and wearing masks – to ensure our trees are in healthy, thriving condition when we can welcome visitors again.  

Thank you so much to these five essential workers for your dedication to the preservation of our Museum’s trees! We wish for your safety and good health as you continue to take care of our fields, gardens and displays.

Sincerely,

Jack Sustic, Felix Laughlin and Bobbie Alexander, on behalf of the Board of Directors of the National Bonsai Foundation

Scott Aker, Head of Horticulture and Education, USNA

Michael James, Museum Curator

Andy Bello, Garden Technician, Museum

Patrick Lynch, Garden Technician, Asian Collections and Holly & Magnolia Collections

Brad Evans, Horticulturist, Introduction Garden

Museum Donors & Their Trees: The Buttonwood Queen

Mary Madison tends to a bonsai, courtesy of Orlando Bonsai.

What do you know about bonsai royalty?  

In our new blog series, “Museum Donors and Their Trees,” we sat down with Mary Madison, known throughout the bonsai community as “The Buttonwood Queen” for her fantastic work on the buttonwoods, or Conocarpus erectus, native to the United States. Madison said the nickname comes from one of her mentors, Ben Oki, who introduced her off the cuff as “The Buttonwood Queen” at a demonstration in California years ago, and the title stuck. 

She grew up helping her dad plant and work in the yard of their home south of Miami, where she first cultivated her love for growing plants. Madison also had a knack for drawing and other art forms, and she said a former boyfriend who served in Japan after World War II would send her pictures of bonsai. After looking at the pictures, she decided to try tree training for herself.  

“The first tree I started on was a buttonwood,” Madison said. “I just kept on at it and couldn’t stop. I still can’t, and I’m 90 years old.”

After attending a few demonstrations at the Bonsai Society of Miami, Madison ended up studying under Oki and John Naka up until the two passed away in 2018 and 2004, respectively. 

She had trained a group planting of cypresses to resemble the Everglades, and Naka had told her she had natural talent. From that day, a beautiful friendship of more than 40 years formed between Madison, her husband TJ, Naka and Oki.

She added that she was the first woman to join the private bonsai club Naka was a member of, and the group even named one of her trees – an honor in the bonsai community. Madison hosted a tea ceremony and open house to show off the tree, which the club named Sen Ryu, or “mystical dragon.”

Madison’s buttonwood – donated in 1990

The queen’s trees

Madison first donated a buttonwood to the Museum in 1990, a tree she dug up herself in South Florida. 

She worked on the buttonwood for about four or five years before receiving a call from the National Bonsai & Penjing Museum asking her to donate a tree. Madison said someone sprayed her tree with Malathion on the trip up to the Museum, which she said is almost “instant death” for buttonwoods, so the tree had no leaves when first on display. 

Luckily, Madison said, Museum workers took great care of the buttonwood. She said the tree is back to its full glory and maintains her original style but has grown quite a bit since she donated it.

Madison said she styled the tree keeping in mind the “odd” trunk shape, which she said likely formed because the buttonwood grew up through rocks. 

“I just started following basic rules, like keeping the bottom larger than the top, until i figured out exactly what I wanted,” she said. “Then I eliminated a few branches and went on from there.”

Madison’s second tree at the Museum traveled around the world before landing at the Museum. She originally sold the tree – a buttonwood, of course – years ago, and it changed hands a few times, ending up under the wing of the Central Intelligence Agency in 2019.

“When I saw that picture of it at the CIA it tickled me to death, I thought that was so funny. People might start thinking I'm a spy or something,” Madison said. “But the CIA was afraid they might kill it, so they donated it to the Museum.”

While the Museum is not currently open, you can read more about the buttonwood from the CIA in our October Historical Tree Spotlight and see her first donated buttonwood among other North American Collection in our virtual catalogue.

Madison still holds demonstrations for the Miami bonsai group and private clubs around Florida to this day.

“I'll probably die out there working on a tree,” she joked. “That would be what I want.”

World Bonsai Day’s Impact Around the World

World Bonsai Day was Saturday, May 9 this year and although we couldn’t celebrate in person, we certainly all celebrated together. If you missed the virtual celebration, click here. Check out the record-breaking numbers of engagement we saw on our website and social media on World Bonsai Day alone:

• 1,000+ website visits

• 16,000+ Facebook accounts reached

• 70+ posts used #WorldBonsaiDay or #WorldBonsaiDay2020

• 179,000 social media users that saw posts with #WorldBonsaiDay and #WorldBonsaiDay2020.

A History of World Bonsai Day: Around the Globe and at the National Bonsai & Penjing Museum

This tokonoma display was featured in the 2017 World Bonsai Day celebration. Spot the World Bonsai Friendship Federation logo on the scroll in the background!

When Master Saburo Kato gave a moving speech at the International World Bonsai Convention in Hawaii in 1980, he emphasized the idea of “bonsai no kokoro,” or the “spirit of bonsai.” National Bonsai Foundation Co-Presidents Jack Sustic and Felix Laughlin said the Japanese term expresses the idea that practicing the art and horticulture of bonsai raises one’s awareness of the beauty and fragility of nature and opens up one’s consciousness to the wonders of the natural world.

Then-assistant curator Aarin Packard and intern Danny Coffey lead a demonstration at the 2013 World Bonsai Day celebration.

 Kato would go on to repeat this sentiment in many speeches, inspiring bonsai artists around the globe. In Japan in 1989, he co-founded with John Naka and Ted Tsukiyama the World Bonsai Friendship Federation (WBFF), which exists to bring peace and camaraderie to the world through bonsai. 

 “Kato believed from the bottom of his heart that more peace would exist in the world if everybody practiced the art of bonsai,” Sustic said. 

 After Kato passed in 2008, WBFF established an international day of celebration called World Bonsai Day to pay homage to Kato and his efforts to promote peace and friendship through bonsai. The first event was held in 2010, and the day is now celebrated on the second Saturday of May each year, around the time of Kato’s birthday, May 15. 

Sustic said the National Bonsai & Penjing Museum and U.S. National Arboretum generally celebrate the day with demonstrations, tours of the Museum and a special display of one of Kato’s trees. Some years the Museum raffles off the tree volunteers work on during the festivities. Sustic said the most memorable part of World Bonsai Day for him is seeing the excitement and amazement on the face of the person who wins that tree.

“Hopefully that leads to another person doing bonsai who otherwise wouldn't be doing bonsai or would never have been introduced in the first place,” he said. 

Laughlin said WBFF established centers around the globe to link public collections together, and a criterion for centers is to recognize World Bonsai Day.

 “Some people who first get into bonsai might think it's just a hobby, but it has a much deeper meaning,” Laughlin said. “In celebrating Saburo Kato's legacy, we're reaffirming what it truly means to practice bonsai. Kato really was such a great person, poet and teacher, and he could put the meaning of bonsai into words better than anyone else.” 

Former curator and current NBF Co-President Jack Sustic leads a tour in the upper courtyard at the 2015 World Bonsai Day celebration.

Museum Curator Michael James said the most memorable World Bonsai Day celebration for him was when he and Museum volunteers spent the day working on a forest planting donated by NBF Honorary Director Chase Rosade. He said the group’s goal was to incorporate Kato’s concepts and principles of forest plantings into the design. 

The National Bonsai Foundation translated Kato’s book, “Forest, Rock Planting and Ezo Spruce Bonsai,” into English and published it in 2001.

Rosade had arranged zelkova seedlings he brought home from Japan into a forest planting. The groupings are planted in odd-numbered groups of three or five and up to 17 to emulate the spontaneity of how seeds are dropped and grow in a naturally occuring forest. But Rosade’s grouping had so many zelkova that the arrangement appeared symmetrical and planned.

Saburo Kato stands next to one of his famous forest plantings at his nursery Mansei-en in Omiya, Japan.

In the public demonstration for that year’s World Bonsai Day, volunteers removed seedlings to thin the forest, accentuate the primary trees and emulate the randomness that occurs in nature – a concept Kato developed and taught about. 

“Kato was a total master of forest arrangements and compositions,” James said. 

Last year’s World Bonsai Day attendees gathered to watch Bonsai Master Michael Hagedorn direct work on five Museum trees in the Arboretum’s auditorium.

James added that the celebration helps promote international camaraderie around an activity generally recognized as a solitary endeavor between the practitioner and the tree. ”World Bonsai Day is not only enjoyable for that person practicing by themselves, but it brings them together with everyone else who enjoys it,” he said. “When you enjoy doing bonsai, it’s only natural to want to spend and appreciate it with other friends.”

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NBF is glad we could share World Bonsai Day with you this year. Use #WorldBonsaiDay2020 and tag us in the photos you post on Instagram, Facebook and Twitter to help us encourage unity and peace. 

Now, test your knowledge with World Bonsai Day Trivia!

A Thank You from Our Co-Presidents on #GivingTuesday

May 5, 2020

Dear Supporters of the National Bonsai Foundation,

We hope this message finds you and your family healthy and safe. 

On this Giving Tuesday, as America focuses its attention on supporting charitable and social organizations, we wanted to reach out and thank you for your previous support. In times like these, we pause to reflect and appreciate your generosity and the tranquility that you have helped create here at the National Bonsai & Penjing Museum.  

Like you, those of us at the National Bonsai Foundation are adjusting to how the coronavirus pandemic has transformed our lives and our work. Gratefully, nature and art are still ours to enjoy, and bonsai is a deep and inspiring source of tranquility as we weather this crisis together.

The National Bonsai & Penjing Museum’s doors may be temporarily closed, but our mission continues. Here are some updates on the Museum and NBF from these last few weeks:

• A small team of Museum staff led by Curator Michael James is working to care for all the bonsai—while practicing proper social distancing. We’re especially appreciative of their efforts to keep these invaluable trees thriving this spring. Take a virtual stroll through the Museum’s extraordinary collections.

• The world-famous Yamaki Pine was repotted, keeping healthy this nearly 400-year-old bonsai that has survived generations of travel and travesty including the 1945 bombing of Hiroshima. Learn how it was done. 

• We have taken steps toward much-needed capital improvements that will secure our natural treasures for generations to come while also positioning the Museum as an even greater draw for visitors to the U.S. National Arboretum. Look for more information on the new master plan for the Museum, coming soon.

• NBF is further embracing digital media to engage our supporters and visitors. Through our blog, Facebook, and Instagram we have curated stunning photo and video content for you to enjoy from home. 

• Please also plan to join us for World Bonsai Day on Saturday, May 9! In lieu of our usual Museum events, we’re moving the celebration online so people all over the world can celebrate the art of bonsai together. Visit our homepage and follow #WorldBonsaiDay on social media for never-before-seen articles, videos, and photos from NBF.

On behalf of our Board of Directors and staff, thank you for all you have done with us and for us. We also extend appreciation to all those working on the front lines during this challenging time.

We look forward to the day when the Museum can re-open and we can catch up with you in person. Be well.

Felix Laughlin Jack Sustic

Co-President Co-President

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If you'd like to support our efforts, you can make a donation here. Thank you.

Creating Origami in the U.S. National Arboretum’s National Bonsai & Penjing Museum

Origami instructor, Jeff Raab

A young participant holds her origami crane

As one of the programs and classes offered at the National Bonsai & Penjing Museum, origami professional Jeff Raab led the Museum’s first-ever origami class in January. People of all ages and folding skill levels attended to learn different bases and models.

Raab started small, with a few simple folds and models, eventually moving to the quintessential paper crane, in hopes that attendants would then use their crane-creation skills to contribute to the National Symphony Orchestra’s effort to bring 1,000 paper cranes to the Children’s Peace Monument in the Peace Memorial Park in Hiroshima, Japan as part of their Asia 2020 tour.

Kennedy Center leader Andrew Brown wrote a note of thanks for everyone who participated in the project:

I am proud to report that the National Symphony Orchestra received more than 3,000 paper cranes sent from around the country. It was a remarkable response to our project in preparation for our visit to Hiroshima, Japan.

As I am sure you may have realized, the NSO tour to Japan was canceled due to COVID-19. After 15 months of preparation, we were very disappointed, but our offices were full of the most beautiful and colorful origami cranes. We continued to organize and string the cranes together even after the cancellation of the tour.

On Friday, March 6th, NSO musicians performed a concert at the Japan Information and Culture Center in Washington, D.C. On that occasion, we were able to present 2,000 origami cranes to Minister Takehiro Shimada from the Embassy of Japan, along with a special poster made by members of the D.C. Youth Orchestra Program.

All of the origami cranes presented will be carefully packaged and mailed to the City of Hiroshima along with a record of everyone who participated and shared comments as part of this project.

Click here to see photos of the journey of the NSO Paper Crane Project. It has been a pleasure to work on this project with you, and we thank you for your contributions towards this project in recognition of the 75th Anniversary of the end of World War II.

Sincerely,

Andrew Brown

Participants learned how to fold different figures

While we are currently closed to mitigate the spread of COVID-19, we are looking forward to continue hosting our variety of workshops – from origami to forest bathing to tai chi – as soon as authorities permit reopening. We can’t wait to see you again!

Bonsai Basics: Soil and Fertilization Techniques

Bonsai Basics is a NEW blog series dedicated to providing beginner’s tips, tool recommendations and facts about basic bonsai tasks. Thanks to all of our readers who recommended we start doing this on our 2019 survey!

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As the repotting season continues, you might be thinking about switching up your soil and fertilizer. But with so many brands and options available, how do you know which is the best for your bonsai? 

NBF Co-President Jack Sustic spoke with us about the myriad choices for the second installment of our Bonsai Basics blog series. Sustic said there isn’t a panacea to rely upon – if you ask 10 people what their preferred mix is, you’ll get different answers from each.  

“Bonsai soil is no different than Grandma’s biscuit recipe – all the grandmas have a different one and it is better than the other grandmas’ recipes,” he said. 

The type of soil you need first depends on the tree you’re working on. Sustic said deciduous trees typically like soils that retain moisture well, while evergreens like pines and junipers prefer slightly drier mixtures. But don’t be mistaken – using a drier mixture doesn’t mean you should adjust the amount of water you’re giving the tree because the soil types absorb water differently.

“If you put an evergreen in a mix that’s extra dry and you don’t water it that much, it could be dangerous for the tree,” Sustic said. “If we have a deciduous tree in a mix that retains water pretty well and we have a conifer in a mix that drains really well, I end up watering them the same.”

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The chemistry of it all

Soils are amalgamations of nutrients and materials like sand or bark. Some bonsai artists buy premixed soil formulas and others forge their own. 

Sustic usually prefers to mix his own from local ingredients, first sifting the finer particles from a store-bought potting mix, then adding pine bark and a combination of filter sand and pumice in ratios dependent on the type of tree that needs soil. The more sand and pumice you add to a mix, the faster water will drain from the soil, Sustic said. 

“The goal here is to have good drainage, and I don't want the real fine stuff in the potting mix to clog up the drainage holes,” he said. “Maybe I'll have one part sand in a deciduous mix, and I’ll add two parts for the pine because it likes to be a little drier.” 

But Sustic said someone new to bonsai who is only repotting once every two or three years would find buying a bag of soil the easiest method. Akadama, a type of clay soil from Japan, is the best performing premixed bonsai soil and will last years for people with small bonsai, like shohin.

When determining which soil will suit your bonsai best, Sustic’s main piece of advice is simply to avoid any heavy mixes. Sifting out fine particles from premixed soil is a must to ensure that your soil drains well and keeps your bonsai healthy, he said.

“Sand doesn’t hold nutrients very well at all,” Sustic said. “If you planted a tree in sand, you would have to fertilize it a lot because it doesn’t hold the nutrients. Potting mix and pine bark hold a lot of nutrients.”

The nitty gritty of fertilization

Fertilization techniques also range far and wide. 

Sustic uses a combination of fertilizers, switching up his materials with the seasons. He tosses rapeseed fertilizer pellets on his evergreens in the winter. But he fertilizes with Miracid, a liquid that he mixes with water, once deciduous trees have budded out in the spring and summer to help make up for the high pH levels in his water. 

Some people use organic fertilizers, like cakes or a fish emulsion, to prevent salt from building up in their soil, which can happen with commercial fertilizer and is dangerous for your trees.

“Salt can inhibit the tree's uptake of water, so the tree can’t transpire as fast,” he said. “The most common sign of salt damage is burned leaf margins.”

But Sustic said incorporating the horticulture technique of fertigation, or mixing fertilizer into water and flushing the soil with each watering, eases his worries about salt build up. He added that commercial brand fertilizer, like Miracid or Peters, immediately provides nutrition for bonsai, while organic mixes can take longer to produce an effect. Sustic often cuts the suggested measurement in half to avoid excessive fertilization and uncontrollable growth.

“If they say one tablespoon per gallon I use half a tablespoon per gallon,” he said. “I want them to be healthy but not growing too fast.”

Now that you’re equipped with soil and fertilizer knowledge, you’re ready to help your bonsai grow strong. Share your progress by tagging us on Facebook, Instagram or Twitter!

Photographing Bonsai with Stephen Voss: Searching For Order in Bonsai

As a photographer who now makes a living snapping pictures of some of the world’s most influential figures, Stephen Voss didn’t always know that photography could be more than a hobby.  Once a bonsai novice, he certainly didn’t think he would publish a photography book of bonsai.

Now that he’s an accomplished photographer, Voss wants to share his “tricks of the bonsai photography trade.” This entry is part of his regular guest blog series, “Photographing Bonsai with Stephen Voss"," published on NBF’s blog, covering everything from lighting, angles and mindset needed when photographing the trees. Sign up for our newsletter and follow us on Facebook and Instagram to never miss one of his entries! Read his last entry here.

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I’ve been researching the work of an early nature photographer named Eliot Porter for the photography newsletter I write. Porter was one of the first nature photographers to use color film and a contemporary of Ansel Adams, a renowned photographer and conservationist. But Porter’s work did not feature the bold colors and blazing sunsets of today’s nature photographers. Instead, he sought subtlety and interrelationships of color and form. 

Later in his career, Porter read James Gleick’s “Chaos: Making a New Science,” recognizing in the text the scientific theory that had guided his career and visual thinking. He then published “Nature’s Chaos,” a collection of photographs from the natural world, which sought to reconcile his work and these scientific ideas. In the introduction, he explains this idea:

Although subjects such as mosses, lichens or leaves that have just fallen are not orderly at all, when viewed as detailed sections, they become orderly. This process suggests a tension between order and chaos. When I photograph, I see the arrangement that looks orderly, but when you consider the subjects as a whole or on a larger scale, they appear disorderly. Only in fragments of the whole is nature’s order apparent.

Where this gets interesting to me is with bonsai, which are, to varying degrees, sculpted by the human hand and meant to be seen as a wholly arranged object. A bonsai master guides the trees on a path to order, but it’s an ever-evolving relationship that may take unexpected turns. Much of my bonsai photography is a search for order, picking out the most aesthetically pleasing parts of a tree while trying to acknowledge and appreciate the basic chaos ever-present in the nature world.

So how does one find visual order when photographing bonsai? To demonstrate, I’ll use some photographs of this beautiful Japanese Beech that has been in training since 1945 and was donated to the Museum by Kiyoshi Kawamata.

My first image of the tree looks like this:

Here we see a beautiful forest-style planting with at least 16 individual trees (and a young Museum visitor in the background). 

To find order, we’re going to use all of the tools of photography that are at our disposal. This includes available light, exposure, lens choice and depth of field.

Now Here’s a first attempt at bringing some order to this image. I decreased the exposure so the background would darken. This helps the grayish-white branches to stand out more.

I also recomposed the image. Notice how more of the individual branches are now isolated against the dark background? I’ve circled those gaps here in red. Our brains are designed to look for contrast, to delineate based on light and dark tones. By darkening the image and composing it to allow more of the branches to stand out, I’ve already introduced a bit of order and made a more visually interesting photo.

Let’s take it a step further. I’ve changed to a longer lens for this image (180mm macro) and lowered my tripod. In this image, the tree trunk that’s slightly off-center is the main focus:

As I continue perusing the tree, I see some younger branches that are growing off to the right side of the pot. Using low depth of field, I’m able to isolate them against the soil at the bottom of the pot. 

Here’s my first image:

But I’m wondering if there would be a more visually impactful way to show the beautiful curve of this branch. By recomposing so that the branches are seen against the black platform the trees rest on, it stands out even more, as seen here:

I’m not sure which of these images I like more. But trying out ideas is important when you’re taking photographs, not making too many judgments in the moment, knowing that you’ll be able to review the images later and determine what was successful.

Thanks for following along. I hope you all are staying safe and healthy. While the Museum may be closed, you can use the ideas I talked about here on gardens, trees and even houseplants. Learning to see order in the chaos of nature allows you to bring a new visual acuity to your photographs.

Repotting the World-Famous Yamaki Pine

National Bonsai & Penjing Museum and U.S. National Arboretum staff have repotted the Yamaki pine, one of the world’s most eminent and symbolically powerful bonsai.

Yamaki Pine at the Museum (Photo courtesy of USDA Agricultural Research Service, US National Arboretum)

Almost 400 years old, the Japanese white pine has survived generations of travel and travesty, most famously the 1945 bombing of Hiroshima where the tree sat in late bonsai master Masaru Yamaki’s garden. Yamaki donated the pine in 1976 as part of Japan’s bicentennial gift to the American people – the gift that created the Museum.

Museum Curator Michael James alongside former First Curator’s Apprentice Andy Bello worked with Patrick Lynch and Bradley Evans, two Arboretum staff members, to repot the magnificent tree on March 26. James spoke to NBF about the logistics of the repotting.

Last repotted in 2015, the tree’s soil had compacted so much that water had begun to run off the surface of the soil and barely soak in. Sometimes the water might take up to 15 minutes to infiltrate the pine’s root ball, which is a sign that repotting is needed, James said.

The particles of Akadama, or the granular, clay-like type of soil used to plant the Yamaki pine, had compacted from their usual ball-shaped structure to very small, clay-sized fines, blocking water and air from traveling throughout the root ball.

“When the soil gets that dry, it becomes almost like a brick, and then there’s no oxygen in the soil for the roots to breathe and they rot,” James said.

Finding dead roots and compacted soil could derail the repotting plan, raising issues that have to be dealt with on the spot instead of the intended process. 

“It’s hard to do everything you want to do in one repot,” James said. “This one went really well and pretty much as expected. We found healthy roots all around and a really strong mycorrhizal network of beneficial fungal surrounding the roots.” 

Yamaki Pine’s exposed roots (Photo courtesy of USDA Agricultural Research Service, US National Arboretum)

The process

In preparation to remove the pine from its pot, James, Bello and the staff members pushed the tree off of its pedestal and onto a hydraulic lift cart. 

The tree and container weighed somewhere between 200 and 300 pounds, requiring the group to use straps – cushioned with a towel to distribute the pressure point and weight of the pine – to secure the tree to a beam on the roof of the Japanese Pavilion.

The group then carefully cut between the rim of the pot and the edge of the soil ball a few times to release the ball from the pot. Because the Yamaki pine is so large, the group couldn’t simply lift the pine from the pot. They had to lower the hydraulic cart from under the tree and carefully catch the pot as it fell away, freeing the tree, James said.

“The tree looked like it was floating, especially when you’re not looking up to see the strap and the root ball is suspended from the bottom of its trunk,” he said. “It’s a very surreal image because trees don’t float this way and they’re never positioned like this.” 

Tools used during the repotting (Photo courtesy of USDA Agricultural Research Service, US National Arboretum)

James said that, during the winter, the pot had been enclosed in a mulch box, which buffered the pine’s roots from cold temperatures over the past few years, so the bottom and sides of the soil were in good shape. The surface soil, which the mulch did not cover, contained the least healthy roots, so the team used awls, small hooks and brushes to slowly break up that compact area. 

“It's a little bit like art restoration and a little bit like archeology,” James said. “It’s slow, a little tedious and you have to be really careful that you are removing soil and not roots.” 

One challenge the group faced was clearing away old roots that had died without removing healthy new roots or disrupting “essential” symbiotic relationships the tree had formed with other organisms. 

James said mycorrhizal fungi, a white cottony material found among tree roots (see last photo below which shows the white mycorrhizae), feeds off of sugars the pine’s roots created. The pine then benefits from moisture and nutrients the fungus pulls into the roots, so the team had to ensure that some of the fungus remained.

“When you break up that soil, you destroy or hamper that relationship, and it has to regrow,” James said. “The relationship between the roots and the fungus has to remain intact for the pine to stay healthy.” 

He added that no specific date is set for the next repotting, but the process could happen again between the next three to seven years, depending on how the pine recovers from this repotting, how well water drains through the soil and the tree’s overall health. 

“You want to do these repots few and far between on an old tree like this,” James said. 

Yamaki Pine at the Museum (Photo courtesy of USDA Agricultural Research Service, US National Arboretum)

Andy Bello with the Yamaki Pine during the repotting (@bellcraze).